1
Ἦν δὲ τὸ πάσχα καὶ τὰ ἄζυμα μετὰ δύο ἡμέρας. καὶ ἐζήτουν οἱ ἀρχιερεῖς καὶ οἱ γραμματεῖς πῶς αὐτὸν ἐν δόλῳ κρατήσαντες ἀποκτείνωσιν,
Now the Passover and the Unleavened Bread were two days off. And the chief priests and the scribes were seeking how they might seize him by deceit and kill him;
By deceit (δόλος, dolos) is the lure-word used at John 1:47.
pronoun they = the chief priests and scribes
pronoun him = Jesus — both times
2
ἔλεγον ⸀γάρ· Μὴ ἐν τῇ ἑορτῇ, μήποτε ⸂ἔσται θόρυβος⸃ τοῦ λαοῦ.
for they were saying, “Not during the feast, lest there be an uproar of the people.”
Not during the feast — and the text then puts everything inside the feast.
pronoun they = the chief priests and scribes
3
Καὶ ὄντος αὐτοῦ ἐν Βηθανίᾳ ἐν τῇ οἰκίᾳ Σίμωνος τοῦ λεπροῦ κατακειμένου αὐτοῦ ἦλθεν γυνὴ ἔχουσα ἀλάβαστρον μύρου νάρδου πιστικῆς πολυτελοῦς· ⸀συντρίψασα ⸀τὴν ἀλάβαστρον κατέχεεν ⸀αὐτοῦ τῆς κεφαλῆς.
And while he was in Bethany, in the house of Simon the leper, reclining at table, a woman came with an alabaster jar of ointment, pure nard, very costly; and breaking the jar she poured it over his head.
Alabaster jar (ἀλάβαστρον, alabastron) stands at four places in the four Gospels, and only this book breaks it. Nard is a plant name kept as sound.
first here Bethany Βηθανία Bēthania
first here Simon Σίμων Simōn
pronoun he = Jesus
pronoun she = the woman
pronoun it = the ointment
pronoun his = Jesus
4
ἦσαν δέ τινες ἀγανακτοῦντες πρὸς ⸀ἑαυτούς· Εἰς τί ἡ ἀπώλεια αὕτη τοῦ μύρου γέγονεν;
But some were indignant among themselves: “Why has this waste of the ointment happened?
Some — this book does not name them; John 12:4 names Judas.
pronoun themselves = some of those present
5
ἠδύνατο γὰρ τοῦτο ⸂τὸ μύρον⸃ πραθῆναι ἐπάνω ⸂δηναρίων τριακοσίων⸃ καὶ δοθῆναι τοῖς πτωχοῖς· καὶ ἐνεβριμῶντο αὐτῇ.
For this ointment could have been sold for more than three hundred denarii and given to the poor.” And they were snorting at her.
Snorting at her is the anger-word of 1:43 — here the disciples' anger.
pronoun they = some of those present
pronoun her = the woman
6
ὁ δὲ Ἰησοῦς εἶπεν· Ἄφετε αὐτήν· τί αὐτῇ κόπους παρέχετε; καλὸν ἔργον ἠργάσατο ἐν ἐμοί·
But Jesus said, “Let her be. Why do you make trouble for her? She has done a good work on me.
A good work — the word is καλός (kalos), fit for its purpose.
first here Jesus Ἰησοῦς Iēsous
pronoun her = the woman — both times
pronoun you = those present
pronoun She = the woman
pronoun me = Jesus
7
πάντοτε γὰρ τοὺς πτωχοὺς ἔχετε μεθ’ ἑαυτῶν, καὶ ὅταν θέλητε δύνασθε ⸀αὐτοῖς εὖ ποιῆσαι, ἐμὲ δὲ οὐ πάντοτε ἔχετε·
For you always have the poor with you, and whenever you want you can do well by them; but me you do not always have.
Do well by them — the Greek is a single verb for doing good.
pronoun you = those present — every “you” here is the same
pronoun them = the poor
pronoun me = Jesus
8
ὃ ⸀ἔσχεν ἐποίησεν, προέλαβεν μυρίσαι ⸂τὸ σῶμά μου⸃ εἰς τὸν ἐνταφιασμόν.
She did what she could; she anointed my body beforehand for the burial.
Beforehand — the anointing is read as a burial rite before the death.
pronoun She = the woman
pronoun she = the woman
pronoun my = Jesus
9
ἀμὴν ⸀δὲ λέγω ὑμῖν, ὅπου ⸀ἐὰν κηρυχθῇ τὸ ⸀εὐαγγέλιον εἰς ὅλον τὸν κόσμον, καὶ ὃ ἐποίησεν αὕτη λαληθήσεται εἰς μνημόσυνον αὐτῆς.
And Amen I say to you, wherever the gospel is proclaimed in the whole world, what she has done will also be told, in memory of her.”
In memory of her — and this book never gives her name.
pronoun I = Jesus
pronoun you = those present
pronoun she = the woman
pronoun her = the woman
10
⸀Καὶ Ἰούδας ⸂Ἰσκαριὼθ ὁ⸃ εἷς τῶν δώδεκα ἀπῆλθεν πρὸς τοὺς ἀρχιερεῖς ἵνα αὐτὸν ⸂παραδοῖ αὐτοῖς⸃.
And Judas Iscariot, the one of the twelve, went off to the chief priests to hand him over to them.
The one of the twelve — the article is odd in Greek and is kept.
first here Judas Ἰούδας Ioudas
first here Iscariot Ἰσκαριώθ Iskariōth
pronoun him = Jesus
pronoun them = the chief priests
11
οἱ δὲ ἀκούσαντες ἐχάρησαν καὶ ἐπηγγείλαντο αὐτῷ ἀργύριον δοῦναι. καὶ ἐζήτει πῶς ⸂αὐτὸν εὐκαίρως παραδοῖ⸃.
And hearing it they rejoiced and promised to give him silver. And he was seeking how he might hand him over at a good moment.
Silver renders ἀργύριον (argyrion); this book does not count the coins, as Matthew 26:15 does.
pronoun it = what Judas offered
pronoun they = the chief priests
pronoun him = Judas — “hand him over” is Jesus
pronoun he = Judas
12
Καὶ τῇ πρώτῃ ἡμέρᾳ τῶν ἀζύμων, ὅτε τὸ πάσχα ἔθυον, λέγουσιν αὐτῷ οἱ μαθηταὶ αὐτοῦ· Ποῦ θέλεις ἀπελθόντες ἑτοιμάσωμεν ἵνα φάγῃς τὸ πάσχα;
And on the first day of Unleavened Bread, when they were killing the Passover lamb, his disciples say to him, “Where do you want us to go and prepare for you to eat the Passover?”
When they were sacrificing the Passover lamb — the writer dates the day by the killing.
pronoun they = those keeping the feast
pronoun his = Jesus
pronoun him = Jesus
pronoun you = Jesus — both times
pronoun us = the disciples
13
καὶ ἀποστέλλει δύο τῶν μαθητῶν αὐτοῦ καὶ λέγει αὐτοῖς· Ὑπάγετε εἰς τὴν πόλιν, καὶ ἀπαντήσει ὑμῖν ἄνθρωπος κεράμιον ὕδατος βαστάζων· ἀκολουθήσατε αὐτῷ,
And he sends two of his disciples and says to them, “Go into the city, and a man carrying a jar of water will meet you. Follow him,
A man carrying a jar of water — water was women's work, so the sign is a man doing it.
pronoun he = Jesus
pronoun his = Jesus
pronoun them = the two
pronoun you = the two
pronoun him = the man carrying the jar
14
καὶ ὅπου ⸀ἐὰν εἰσέλθῃ εἴπατε τῷ οἰκοδεσπότῃ ὅτι Ὁ διδάσκαλος λέγει· Ποῦ ἐστιν τὸ κατάλυμά ⸀μου ὅπου τὸ πάσχα μετὰ τῶν μαθητῶν μου φάγω;
and wherever he enters, say to the master of the house, ‘The Teacher says: where is my guest room, where I may eat the Passover with my disciples?'
Guest room (κατάλυμα, katalyma) — the same word as the one at Luke 2:7, where it is not an inn. This edition keeps one word for both.
pronoun he = the man carrying the jar
pronoun my = Jesus
pronoun I = Jesus
15
καὶ αὐτὸς ὑμῖν δείξει ἀνάγαιον μέγα ἐστρωμένον ἕτοιμον· ⸀καὶ ἐκεῖ ἑτοιμάσατε ἡμῖν.
And he will show you a large upper room, furnished and ready. Prepare for us there.”
Furnished and ready — two participles, and neither is explained.
pronoun he = the master of the house
pronoun you = the two
pronoun us = Jesus and the disciples
16
καὶ ἐξῆλθον οἱ ⸀μαθηταὶ καὶ ἦλθον εἰς τὴν πόλιν καὶ εὗρον καθὼς εἶπεν αὐτοῖς, καὶ ἡτοίμασαν τὸ πάσχα.
And the disciples went out and came into the city and found it as he had told them, and they prepared the Passover.
Found it as he had told them — the errand is told twice, as at 11:4.
pronoun it = the upper room
pronoun he = Jesus
pronoun them = the two
pronoun they = the two
17
Καὶ ὀψίας γενομένης ἔρχεται μετὰ τῶν δώδεκα.
And when evening came he comes with the twelve.
With the twelve — Judas is among them and is not marked off.
pronoun he = Jesus
18
καὶ ἀνακειμένων αὐτῶν καὶ ἐσθιόντων ⸂ὁ Ἰησοῦς εἶπεν⸃· Ἀμὴν λέγω ὑμῖν ὅτι εἷς ἐξ ὑμῶν παραδώσει με ὁ ἐσθίων μετ’ ἐμοῦ.
And as they were reclining and eating, Jesus said, “Amen I say to you that one of you will hand me over — one eating with me.”
One eating with me takes up Psalm 41:9 without naming it.
pronoun they = the twelve
pronoun I = Jesus
pronoun you = the twelve — both times
pronoun me = Jesus — both times
19
⸀ἤρξαντο λυπεῖσθαι καὶ λέγειν αὐτῷ εἷς κατὰ εἷς· Μήτι ⸀ἐγώ;
They began to be grieved and to say to him one by one, “Surely not I?”
Surely not I? — the Greek expects the answer “no”.
pronoun They = the twelve
pronoun him = Jesus
pronoun I = each of the twelve
20
ὁ ⸀δὲ εἶπεν αὐτοῖς· ⸀Εἷς τῶν δώδεκα, ὁ ἐμβαπτόμενος μετ’ ἐμοῦ εἰς ⸀τὸ τρύβλιον·
And he said to them, “One of the twelve — the one dipping with me into the bowl.
The one dipping with me — the sign narrows the circle and still names no one.
pronoun he = Jesus
pronoun them = the twelve
pronoun me = Jesus
21
⸀ὅτι ὁ μὲν υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου ὑπάγει καθὼς γέγραπται περὶ αὐτοῦ, οὐαὶ δὲ τῷ ἀνθρώπῳ ἐκείνῳ δι’ οὗ ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου παραδίδοται· ⸀καλὸν αὐτῷ εἰ οὐκ ἐγεννήθη ὁ ἄνθρωπος ἐκεῖνος.
For the Son of Man goes as it stands written of him; but woe to that man through whom the Son of Man is handed over. It would have been good for that man if he had not been born.”
It would have been good for that man — the Greek says only “good for him”.
pronoun him = the Son of Man
pronoun whom = that man
pronoun he = that man
22
Καὶ ἐσθιόντων αὐτῶν ⸀λαβὼν ἄρτον εὐλογήσας ἔκλασεν καὶ ἔδωκεν αὐτοῖς καὶ εἶπεν· ⸀Λάβετε, τοῦτό ἐστιν τὸ σῶμά μου.
And as they were eating, taking bread, blessing it, he broke it and gave it to them and said, “Take. This is my body.”
Blessing — this edition keeps one word for all four places in the four Gospels. Here the blessing is over the bread and the giving of thanks over the cup, as in verse 23.
pronoun they = the twelve
pronoun he = Jesus
pronoun it = the bread — both times
pronoun them = the twelve
pronoun This = the bread
pronoun my = Jesus
23
καὶ ⸀λαβὼν ποτήριον εὐχαριστήσας ἔδωκεν αὐτοῖς, καὶ ἔπιον ἐξ αὐτοῦ πάντες.
And taking a cup, giving thanks, he gave it to them, and they all drank from it.
They all drank from it — only this book says so before the words over the cup.
pronoun he = Jesus
pronoun it = the cup — both times
pronoun them = the twelve
pronoun they = the twelve
24
καὶ εἶπεν αὐτοῖς· Τοῦτό ἐστιν τὸ αἷμά μου ⸀τῆς διαθήκης τὸ ⸂ἐκχυννόμενον ὑπὲρ πολλῶν⸃.
And he said to them, “This is my blood of the covenant, which is being poured out for many.
Covenant (διαθήκη, diathēkē) is a word for a will or settlement. For many renders ὑπέρ (hyper), on behalf of.
pronoun he = Jesus
pronoun them = the twelve
pronoun This = the cup
pronoun my = Jesus
pronoun which = my blood
Why this rendering
Mark.14.24 Observation
Syntactic observation
SBLGNT prints τῆς διαθήκης — of the covenant, and no more. The Textus Receptus prints τῆς καινῆς διαθήκης, of the new covenant. One word, but it carries weight: whether the verse names a new covenant, or says covenant and leaves unsaid which. διαθήκη occurs only here in Mark, so there is nothing else in the book to weigh it against. ἐκχυννόμενον is a present passive participle — being poured out, in progress. With the cup still in hand the blood is spoken of as already flowing. The preposition in ὑπὲρ πολλῶν, for many, is ὑπέρ, where 10:45 had λύτρον ἀντὶ πολλῶν, a ransom in the place of many — the same many, once with instead, once with for. And the verbs part between the two elements: εὐλογήσας over the bread (v.22), εὐχαριστήσας over the cup (v.23). SBLGNT marks a variant in this verse (⸀τῆς ⸂ἐκχυννόμενον πολλῶν⸃.).
Rendering options · 2
Adopted “This is my blood of the covenant, which is being poured out for many.”
Basis Follows the base text without new, and renders the present participle as in progress.
“…of the new covenant.”
Basis Follows the Textus Receptus.
Rejected By our base-text decision we follow SBLGNT, and the direction runs one way: a liturgically familiar phrase, the new covenant, seeping into the text is easy to imagine; an existing new being deleted is not.
Lost in translation
the range of διαθήκη One word holds covenant and will (a testament disposing of an estate). Latin testamentum and the older English testament kept the second grain; covenant carries only the first.
Survives in · King James 1769 / Luther 1912 / this edition — 3 of the nine carry it (not this language)
25
ἀμὴν λέγω ὑμῖν ὅτι οὐκέτι οὐ μὴ πίω ἐκ τοῦ γενήματος τῆς ἀμπέλου ἕως τῆς ἡμέρας ἐκείνης ὅταν αὐτὸ πίνω καινὸν ἐν τῇ βασιλείᾳ τοῦ θεοῦ.
Amen I say to you that I will certainly drink no more of the fruit of the vine until that day when I drink it new in the kingdom of God.”
New is καινός (kainos), new in kind — the word of 2:22.
pronoun I = Jesus — both times
pronoun you = the twelve
pronoun it = the fruit of the vine
26
Καὶ ὑμνήσαντες ἐξῆλθον εἰς τὸ Ὄρος τῶν Ἐλαιῶν.
And having sung, they went out to the Mount of Olives.
Having sung renders one verb (ὑμνέω, hymneō) — to sing a hymn.
pronoun they = Jesus and the twelve
27
Καὶ λέγει αὐτοῖς ὁ Ἰησοῦς ὅτι Πάντες ⸀σκανδαλισθήσεσθε, ὅτι γέγραπται· Πατάξω τὸν ποιμένα, καὶ ⸂τὰ πρόβατα διασκορπισθήσονται⸃.
And Jesus says to them, “You will all stumble; for it stands written: ‘I will strike the shepherd, and the sheep will be scattered.'
Stumble is the trap-word of 4:17 and 9:42. The quotation is from Zechariah 13:7.
pronoun them = the twelve
pronoun You = the twelve
pronoun I = the one speaking in the quotation
28
ἀλλὰ μετὰ τὸ ἐγερθῆναί με προάξω ὑμᾶς εἰς τὴν Γαλιλαίαν.
But after I am raised I will go ahead of you into Galilee.”
I will go ahead of you uses the shepherd-verb of John 10:4, and the angel repeats it at 16:7.
first here Galileans Γαλιλαία Galilaia
pronoun I = Jesus — both times
pronoun you = the twelve
29
ὁ δὲ Πέτρος ἔφη αὐτῷ· ⸂Εἰ καὶ⸃ πάντες σκανδαλισθήσονται, ἀλλ’ οὐκ ἐγώ.
But Peter said to him, “Even if they all stumble, I will not.”
Even if they all — Peter sets himself apart from the rest.
first here Peter Πέτρος Petros
pronoun him = Jesus
pronoun they = the twelve
pronoun I = Peter
30
καὶ λέγει αὐτῷ ὁ Ἰησοῦς· Ἀμὴν λέγω σοι ὅτι σὺ σήμερον ⸂ταύτῃ τῇ νυκτὶ⸃ πρὶν ἢ δὶς ἀλέκτορα φωνῆσαι τρίς ⸂με ἀπαρνήσῃ⸃.
And Jesus says to him, “Amen I say to you that you, today, this very night, before a cock crows twice, will deny me three times.”
Before a cock crows twice — only this book counts two crowings, and at verse 72 it counts them.
pronoun him = Peter
pronoun I = Jesus
pronoun you = Peter — both times
pronoun me = Jesus
31
ὁ δὲ ⸂ἐκπερισσῶς ἐλάλει⸃· Ἐὰν ⸂δέῃ με⸃ συναποθανεῖν σοι, οὐ μή σε ⸀ἀπαρνήσομαι. ὡσαύτως δὲ καὶ πάντες ἔλεγον.
But he kept saying all the more, “Even if I have to die with you, I will never deny you.” And they all said likewise.
Deny (ἀπαρνέομαι, aparneomai) is the verb of 8:34, where it was said of denying oneself.
pronoun he = Peter
pronoun I = Peter — both times
pronoun you = Jesus — both times
pronoun they = the twelve
32
Καὶ ἔρχονται εἰς χωρίον οὗ τὸ ὄνομα Γεθσημανί, καὶ λέγει τοῖς μαθηταῖς αὐτοῦ· Καθίσατε ὧδε ἕως προσεύξωμαι.
And they come to a place named Gethsemane, and he says to his disciples, “Sit here while I pray.”
Gethsemane is a place-name kept as sound. John 18:1 says only “a garden”.
first here Gethsemane Γεθσημανί Gethsēmani
pronoun they = Jesus and the twelve
pronoun he = Jesus
pronoun his = Jesus
pronoun I = Jesus
33
καὶ παραλαμβάνει τὸν Πέτρον καὶ ⸂Ἰάκωβον καὶ⸃ Ἰωάννην μετ’ ⸀αὐτοῦ, καὶ ἤρξατο ἐκθαμβεῖσθαι καὶ ἀδημονεῖν,
And he takes Peter and James and John with him, and he began to be struck with dread and to be distressed.
Struck with dread renders ἐκθαμβέομαι (ekthambeomai) — the strongest of this book's amazement words, used here of Jesus himself.
first here James Ἰάκωβος Iakōbos
first here John Ἰωάννης Iōannēs
pronoun he = Jesus — both times
pronoun him = Jesus
34
καὶ λέγει αὐτοῖς· Περίλυπός ἐστιν ἡ ψυχή μου ἕως θανάτου· μείνατε ὧδε καὶ γρηγορεῖτε.
And he says to them, “My life is deeply grieved, to the point of death. Stay here and stay awake.”
My life is ψυχή (psychē), often rendered “soul” — the word of 8:35 and 10:45.
pronoun he = Jesus
pronoun them = the three
pronoun My = Jesus
35
καὶ ⸂προελθὼν μικρὸν ἔπιπτεν⸃ ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς, καὶ προσηύχετο ἵνα εἰ δυνατόν ἐστιν παρέλθῃ ἀπ’ αὐτοῦ ἡ ὥρα,
And going forward a little he was falling on the ground, and was praying that if it were possible the hour might pass from him.
Was falling and was praying both stand in the imperfect — the action is drawn out.
pronoun he = Jesus
pronoun it = the passing of the hour
pronoun him = Jesus
36
καὶ ἔλεγεν· Αββα ὁ πατήρ, πάντα δυνατά σοι· παρένεγκε τὸ ποτήριον ⸂τοῦτο ἀπ’ ἐμοῦ⸃· ἀλλ’ οὐ τί ἐγὼ θέλω ἀλλὰ τί σύ.
And he was saying, “Abba, Father, all things are possible for you. Take this cup away from me. Yet not what I will but what you.”
Abba is Aramaic, kept as sound, and the writer translates it in the same breath — only this book has the word here. Not what I will but what you — the second half has no verb in Greek.
pronoun he = Jesus
pronoun you = the Father — both times
pronoun this = the cup
pronoun me = Jesus
pronoun I = Jesus
Why this rendering
Mark.14.36 Observation
Syntactic observation
Αββα ὁ πατήρ — an Aramaic word and a Greek word simply set together, with no marker of translation. Mark glosses his other Aramaic (5:41, 7:11, 7:34, 15:34); here he only lays the two words side by side. αββα is unique in Mark. And ὁ πατήρ is the absolute form — which occurs in Mark only at 13:32 and here. At 13:32 it was nor the Son, except the Father; here that Son addresses that Father. The sentence ends without a verb: οὐ τί ἐγὼ θέλω ἀλλὰ τί σύ — not what I will but what you, the second verb elided. The ἐκθαμβεῖσθαι of v.33, to be struck with awe or dread, is the word used of the crowd seeing Jesus at 9:15, and it returns for the women at the empty tomb (16:5-6). The περίλυπος of v.34 is the word of 6:26, where Herod is deeply grieved by the girl's request. SBLGNT marks a variant in this verse (⸂τοῦτο ἐμοῦ⸃·).
Rendering options · 2
Adopted “Abba, Father.” — the two words side by side
Basis Sets both the transliteration and the Greek. Mark supplies no gloss-formula, so neither does the translation.
Reduce to a single “Father”
Basis Collapses what is semantically doubled.
Rejected The doubling is the text: the Aramaic Jesus actually used and the Greek the author set beside it, standing together. Reduced to one, the layering disappears.
Lost in translation
the elided verb The Greek stops at but what you. English can barely stand a clause without a predicate, so what you will gets supplied — and the break is filled in.
Survives in · this edition — 8 of the nine carry it (this language among them)
37
καὶ ἔρχεται καὶ εὑρίσκει αὐτοὺς καθεύδοντας, καὶ λέγει τῷ Πέτρῳ· Σίμων, καθεύδεις; οὐκ ἴσχυσας μίαν ὥραν γρηγορῆσαι;
And he comes and finds them sleeping, and says to Peter, “Simon, are you asleep? Were you not strong enough to stay awake one hour?
Simon — he is called by the name he had before 3:16.
pronoun he = Jesus
pronoun them = the three
pronoun you = Peter — both times
38
γρηγορεῖτε καὶ προσεύχεσθε, ἵνα μὴ ⸀ἔλθητε εἰς πειρασμόν· τὸ μὲν πνεῦμα πρόθυμον ἡ δὲ σὰρξ ἀσθενής.
Stay awake and pray, that you may not come into testing. The spirit is eager but the flesh is weak.”
Testing is the word of 1:13 and 8:11. Spirit and flesh are set against each other.
pronoun you = the three
39
καὶ πάλιν ἀπελθὼν προσηύξατο τὸν αὐτὸν λόγον εἰπών.
And going away again he prayed, saying the same word.
The same word — the writer does not repeat the prayer.
pronoun he = Jesus
40
καὶ ⸂πάλιν ἐλθὼν εὗρεν αὐτοὺς⸃ καθεύδοντας, ἦσαν γὰρ ⸂αὐτῶν οἱ ὀφθαλμοὶ⸃ ⸀καταβαρυνόμενοι, καὶ οὐκ ᾔδεισαν τί ⸂ἀποκριθῶσιν αὐτῷ⸃.
And coming again he found them sleeping, for their eyes were weighed down; and they did not know what to answer him.
They did not know what to answer him — the same words as at 9:6.
pronoun he = Jesus
pronoun them = the three
pronoun their = the three
pronoun they = the three
pronoun him = Jesus
41
καὶ ἔρχεται τὸ τρίτον καὶ λέγει αὐτοῖς· Καθεύδετε ⸀τὸ λοιπὸν καὶ ἀναπαύεσθε· ἀπέχει· ἦλθεν ἡ ὥρα, ἰδοὺ παραδίδοται ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου εἰς τὰς χεῖρας τῶν ἁμαρτωλῶν.
And he comes the third time and says to them, “Are you still sleeping and resting? Enough. The hour has come. Look, the Son of Man is being handed over into the hands of sinners.
Enough renders ἀπέχει (apechei), one word whose sense here is not certain. Are you still sleeping may be read as a question or as a statement, and Greek does not settle it.
pronoun he = Jesus
pronoun them = the three
pronoun you = the three
Why this rendering
Mark.14.41 Hypothesis
Syntactic observation
ἀπέχει — a one-word sentence, and a use the lexica record as found nowhere else in the New Testament. ἀπέχω occurs twice in Mark: at 7:6 their heart ἀπέχει, is far away, from me; here it will not bear that sense. The versions divide three ways — it is enough (KJV, 개역한글, ESV, NASB, NIV, NET, BSB, Luther), it is over (YLT, LSV), and a minority reading that takes Judas as subject: he has received it. The preceding Καθεύδετε … καὶ ἀναπαύεσθε divides with it: read as imperative it is sleep on now and rest (KJV, YLT, WEB, 개역한글); read as question, are you still sleeping and resting? (ESV, NASB, NIV, NET, BSB). The Greek form is identical either way, and the punctuation is the printed edition's decision. Three words later comes ἦλθεν ἡ ὥρα, the hour has come — and ἡ ὥρα is precisely what he asked in v.35 might pass from him. SBLGNT marks a variant in this verse (⸀τὸ).
Rendering options · 2
Adopted “Are you still sleeping and resting? Enough. The hour has come.”
Basis Reads the first two words as a question and renders ἀπέχει with a short word that does not narrow the sense. Since v.37 already asked could you not stay awake one hour, the question reading follows the scene.
“Sleep on now and take your rest. It is enough. The hour has come.”
Basis Reads them as imperatives.
Rejected Neither is excluded by form, so this rejection rests on the scene, not the grammar: read as a command it collides within two verses with get up, let us go (v.42). Either way the translation makes a decision the Greek does not, and that is noted.
Lost in translation
the unsettledness of ἀπέχει A translation must pick a word, so enough is settled, and the fact that there is no agreement on what the word means drops out of the sentence. This analysis stands in that place.
this edition — none of the nine carries it (measured)
42
ἐγείρεσθε ἄγωμεν· ἰδοὺ ὁ παραδιδούς με ἤγγικεν.
Get up, let us go. Look, the one handing me over has drawn near.”
Has drawn near stands in the perfect, as at 1:15 of the kingdom.
pronoun us = Jesus and the three
pronoun me = Jesus
43
Καὶ ⸀εὐθὺς ἔτι αὐτοῦ λαλοῦντος παραγίνεται ⸀Ἰούδας ⸀εἷς τῶν δώδεκα καὶ μετ’ αὐτοῦ ⸀ὄχλος μετὰ μαχαιρῶν καὶ ξύλων παρὰ τῶν ἀρχιερέων καὶ τῶν γραμματέων καὶ τῶν πρεσβυτέρων.
And at once, while he was still speaking, Judas, one of the twelve, arrives, and with him a crowd with swords and clubs, from the chief priests and the scribes and the elders.
One of the twelve is said again, as at verse 10 — the writer will not let it go.
pronoun he = Jesus
pronoun him = Judas
44
δεδώκει δὲ ὁ παραδιδοὺς αὐτὸν σύσσημον αὐτοῖς λέγων· Ὃν ἂν φιλήσω αὐτός ἐστιν· κρατήσατε αὐτὸν καὶ ⸀ἀπάγετε ἀσφαλῶς.
Now the one handing him over had given them a signal, saying, “The one I kiss is he. Seize him and lead him away securely.”
Securely (ἀσφαλῶς, asphalōs) — the word is about a firm grip.
pronoun him = Jesus — every “him” after the first is Jesus
pronoun them = the crowd
pronoun I = Judas
pronoun he = Jesus
45
καὶ ἐλθὼν ⸀εὐθὺς προσελθὼν αὐτῷ λέγει· ⸀Ῥαββί, καὶ κατεφίλησεν αὐτόν.
And coming, at once he came up to him and says, “Rabbi” — and kissed him.
Kissed here is καταφιλέω (kataphileō), a strengthened form — this edition keeps it apart from the plain verb in verse 44.
pronoun he = Judas
pronoun him = Jesus — both times
46
οἱ δὲ ἐπέβαλαν ⸂τὰς χεῖρας αὐτῷ⸃ καὶ ἐκράτησαν αὐτόν.
And they laid hands on him and seized him.
Laid hands on him — the arrest is told in one line.
pronoun they = the crowd
pronoun him = Jesus
47
εἷς δέ ⸀τις τῶν παρεστηκότων σπασάμενος τὴν μάχαιραν ἔπαισεν τὸν δοῦλον τοῦ ἀρχιερέως καὶ ἀφεῖλεν αὐτοῦ τὸ ⸀ὠτάριον.
But one of those standing by drew his sword and struck the slave of the high priest and cut off his ear.
One of those standing by — this book does not name him; John 18:10 names Peter and Malchus.
pronoun his = the one standing by — “his ear” is the slave
48
καὶ ἀποκριθεὶς ὁ Ἰησοῦς εἶπεν αὐτοῖς· Ὡς ἐπὶ λῃστὴν ἐξήλθατε μετὰ μαχαιρῶν καὶ ξύλων συλλαβεῖν με;
And answering, Jesus said to them, “Have you come out with swords and clubs to take me, as against a robber?
Robber (λῃστής, lēstēs) is the word of 11:17 and 15:27.
pronoun them = the crowd
pronoun you = the crowd
pronoun me = Jesus
49
καθ’ ἡμέραν ἤμην πρὸς ὑμᾶς ἐν τῷ ἱερῷ διδάσκων καὶ οὐκ ἐκρατήσατέ με· ἀλλ’ ἵνα πληρωθῶσιν αἱ γραφαί.
Day after day I was with you in the temple teaching, and you did not seize me. But — that the scriptures may be fulfilled.”
But — that the scriptures may be fulfilled — the sentence breaks off unfinished, and the text is left as it stands.
pronoun I = Jesus
pronoun you = the crowd
pronoun me = Jesus
50
καὶ ἀφέντες αὐτὸν ⸂ἔφυγον πάντες⸃.
And leaving him, they all fled.
They all fled — the word said in verse 27 comes true in five words.
pronoun him = Jesus
pronoun they = the twelve
51
Καὶ ⸂νεανίσκος τις⸃ ⸀συνηκολούθει αὐτῷ περιβεβλημένος σινδόνα ἐπὶ γυμνοῦ, καὶ κρατοῦσιν ⸀αὐτόν,
And a certain young man was following him, wrapped in a linen cloth over his naked body. And they seize him,
This young man stands only in this book, and he is not named.
pronoun him = Jesus — “they seize him” is the young man
pronoun they = the crowd
Why this rendering
Mark.14.51 Observation
Syntactic observation
The words of these two verses (51-52) are tied by vocabulary to the end of this book. νεανίσκος, young man, occurs twice in Mark — 14:51 and 16:5: the one who leaves the linen and flees naked, and the one sitting at the right in the empty tomb, clothed in white. σινδών, linen cloth, occurs four times — 14:51, 52 and twice at 15:46: the cloth this man abandons is the cloth Joseph wraps Jesus in. The vocabulary threads three scenes, and the text explains nothing between them. γυμνός, naked, occurs only in vv.51 and 52; and immediately after all the disciples flee in v.50 (ἔφυγον), this man flees in v.52 (ἔφυγεν) — the same verb twice within two verses. Mark never says who he is and never brings him back. SBLGNT marks a variant in this verse (⸂νεανίσκος τις⸃ ⸀συνηκολούθει ⸀αὐτόν,).
Rendering options · 2
Adopted One word — “linen cloth” — across 14:51, 52 and 15:46
Basis Renders σινδών identically in all three scenes so that the abandoned cloth and the cloth around Jesus are visibly one word, and fixes νεανίσκος to match 16:5.
Vary it by scene — a linen garment here, fine linen at 15:46
Basis Chooses whatever word reads best in each scene.
Rejected Vary the word and the thread joining the three places is cut. Mark links by vocabulary rather than explanation, and once the vocabulary breaks, what remains is an unexplained vignette.
Lost in translation
the namelessness Guesses about who he is are old, but the text says nothing. All a translation can do is add none of them — and if the thread of vocabulary is left intact, the reader joins the three scenes unaided.
Survives in · this edition — 9 of the nine carry it (this language among them)
52
ὁ δὲ καταλιπὼν τὴν σινδόνα γυμνὸς ⸀ἔφυγεν.
but leaving the linen cloth behind he fled naked.
Fled naked — the linen cloth (σινδών, sindōn) here is the same word used of the burial cloth at 15:46.
pronoun he = the young man
53
Καὶ ἀπήγαγον τὸν Ἰησοῦν πρὸς τὸν ἀρχιερέα, καὶ ⸀συνέρχονται πάντες οἱ ἀρχιερεῖς καὶ οἱ πρεσβύτεροι καὶ οἱ γραμματεῖς.
And they led Jesus away to the high priest, and all the chief priests and the elders and the scribes come together.
The three groups of 8:31 gather, as they did at 11:27.
pronoun they = the crowd
54
καὶ ὁ Πέτρος ἀπὸ μακρόθεν ἠκολούθησεν αὐτῷ ἕως ἔσω εἰς τὴν αὐλὴν τοῦ ἀρχιερέως καὶ ἦν συγκαθήμενος μετὰ τῶν ὑπηρετῶν καὶ θερμαινόμενος πρὸς τὸ φῶς.
And Peter followed him at a distance, right into the courtyard of the high priest, and he was sitting with the officers and warming himself at the fire.
Warming himself at the fire — the fire returns at verse 67 and, in John, at 18:18 and 21:9.
pronoun him = Jesus
pronoun he = Peter
pronoun himself = Peter
55
οἱ δὲ ἀρχιερεῖς καὶ ὅλον τὸ συνέδριον ἐζήτουν κατὰ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ μαρτυρίαν εἰς τὸ θανατῶσαι αὐτόν, καὶ οὐχ ηὕρισκον·
And the chief priests and the whole council were seeking witness against Jesus to put him to death, and they were not finding any;
Council is the word of 13:9 and 15:1.
pronoun him = Jesus
pronoun they = the chief priests and the council
56
πολλοὶ γὰρ ἐψευδομαρτύρουν κατ’ αὐτοῦ, καὶ ἴσαι αἱ μαρτυρίαι οὐκ ἦσαν.
for many were bearing false witness against him, and their witness did not agree.
Did not agree renders one verb (ἴσος, isos, “equal” — “were not equal”).
pronoun him = Jesus
57
καί τινες ἀναστάντες ἐψευδομαρτύρουν κατ’ αὐτοῦ λέγοντες
And some stood up and were bearing false witness against him, saying,
The false testimony is given twice — the writer will not summarise it away.
pronoun him = Jesus
58
ὅτι Ἡμεῖς ἠκούσαμεν αὐτοῦ λέγοντος ὅτι Ἐγὼ καταλύσω τὸν ναὸν τοῦτον τὸν χειροποίητον καὶ διὰ τριῶν ἡμερῶν ἄλλον ἀχειροποίητον οἰκοδομήσω·
“We heard him saying, ‘I will destroy this sanctuary made with hands, and in three days I will build another not made with hands.'”
Made with hands and not made with hands — the second word is one Greek compound with a negative. John 2:19 has the saying in another form.
pronoun We = some who stood up
pronoun him = Jesus
pronoun I = Jesus, in their report
59
καὶ οὐδὲ οὕτως ἴση ἦν ἡ μαρτυρία αὐτῶν.
And not even so did their witness agree.
Not even so — the writer says the charge failed twice.
pronoun their = those testifying
60
καὶ ἀναστὰς ὁ ἀρχιερεὺς εἰς μέσον ἐπηρώτησεν τὸν Ἰησοῦν λέγων· Οὐκ ἀποκρίνῃ οὐδέν; τί οὗτοί σου καταμαρτυροῦσιν;
And the high priest stood up in the middle and questioned Jesus, saying, “Do you answer nothing? What is it these men bear witness against you?”
Stood up in the middle — the same phrase used of the man at 3:3.
pronoun you = Jesus
pronoun it = the testimony
61
ὁ δὲ ἐσιώπα καὶ ⸂οὐκ ἀπεκρίνατο οὐδέν⸃. πάλιν ὁ ἀρχιερεὺς ἐπηρώτα αὐτὸν καὶ λέγει αὐτῷ· Σὺ εἶ ὁ χριστὸς ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ εὐλογητοῦ;
But he was silent and answered nothing. Again the high priest was questioning him and says to him, “Are you the Christ, the Son of the Blessed?”
The Blessed stands for God without naming God. He was silent — the silence is recorded twice.
first here Christ Χριστός Christos
pronoun he = Jesus
pronoun him = Jesus — both times
pronoun you = Jesus
62
ὁ δὲ Ἰησοῦς εἶπεν· Ἐγώ εἰμι, καὶ ὄψεσθε τὸν υἱὸν τοῦ ἀνθρώπου ἐκ δεξιῶν καθήμενον τῆς δυνάμεως καὶ ἐρχόμενον μετὰ τῶν νεφελῶν τοῦ οὐρανοῦ.
And Jesus said, “I am. And you will see the Son of Man seated at the right hand of the Power, and coming with the clouds of heaven.”
I am is the bare phrase of 6:50 and 13:6, and here it answers a question. Matthew 26:64 and Luke 22:70 both soften the answer.
pronoun I = Jesus
pronoun you = the council
63
ὁ δὲ ἀρχιερεὺς διαρρήξας τοὺς χιτῶνας αὐτοῦ λέγει· Τί ἔτι χρείαν ἔχομεν μαρτύρων;
And the high priest tore his tunics and says, “What further need do we have of witnesses?
Tore his garments — the same verb as the torn heavens at 1:10 and the torn curtain at 15:38.
pronoun his = the high priest
pronoun we = the council
64
ἠκούσατε τῆς βλασφημίας· τί ὑμῖν φαίνεται; οἱ δὲ πάντες κατέκριναν αὐτὸν ⸂ἔνοχον εἶναι⸃ θανάτου.
You have heard the blasphemy. How does it appear to you?” And they all condemned him as deserving death.
How does it appear to you? — the Greek asks what it looks like to them.
pronoun You = the council
pronoun it = the blasphemy
pronoun you = the council
pronoun they = the council
pronoun him = Jesus
65
καὶ ἤρξαντό τινες ἐμπτύειν αὐτῷ καὶ περικαλύπτειν ⸂αὐτοῦ τὸ πρόσωπον⸃ καὶ κολαφίζειν αὐτὸν καὶ λέγειν αὐτῷ· Προφήτευσον, καὶ οἱ ὑπηρέται ῥαπίσμασιν αὐτὸν ⸀ἔλαβον.
And some began to spit on him and to cover his face and to strike him with fists and to say to him, “Prophesy.” And the officers took him with blows.
Prophesy — with no object; Matthew 26:68 adds “who struck you”. Slaps renders ῥαπίσματα (rhapismata), blows with the flat hand.
pronoun him = Jesus — every “him” here is Jesus
pronoun his = Jesus
66
Καὶ ὄντος τοῦ Πέτρου ⸂κάτω ἐν τῇ αὐλῇ⸃ ἔρχεται μία τῶν παιδισκῶν τοῦ ἀρχιερέως,
And while Peter was below in the courtyard, one of the servant girls of the high priest comes;
The scene cuts back to Peter, left at the fire in verse 54.
67
καὶ ἰδοῦσα τὸν Πέτρον θερμαινόμενον ἐμβλέψασα αὐτῷ λέγει· Καὶ σὺ μετὰ τοῦ Ναζαρηνοῦ ⸂ἦσθα τοῦ Ἰησοῦ⸃·
and seeing Peter warming himself, she looked hard at him and says, “You too were with the Nazarene, Jesus.”
Looked hard at him is the verb of 10:21 and 10:27.
first here Nazarene Ναζαρηνός Nazarēnos
pronoun himself = Peter
pronoun she = the servant girl
pronoun him = Peter
pronoun You = Peter
68
ὁ δὲ ἠρνήσατο λέγων· ⸂Οὔτε οἶδα οὔτε ἐπίσταμαι σὺ τί⸃ λέγεις, καὶ ἐξῆλθεν ἔξω εἰς τὸ προαύλιον ⸂καὶ ἀλέκτωρ ἐφώνησεν⸃.
But he denied it, saying, “I neither know nor understand what you are saying.” And he went out into the forecourt. And a cock crowed.
And a cock crowed — the manuscripts differ over whether these words stand here.
pronoun he = Peter — both times
pronoun it = the charge
pronoun I = Peter
pronoun you = the servant girl
69
καὶ ἡ παιδίσκη ἰδοῦσα αὐτὸν ⸂ἤρξατο πάλιν⸃ λέγειν τοῖς ⸀παρεστῶσιν ὅτι Οὗτος ἐξ αὐτῶν ἐστιν.
And the servant girl, seeing him, began again to say to those standing by, “This man is one of them.”
This man is one of them — the second denial is set off by the same girl.
pronoun him = Peter
pronoun This man = Peter
pronoun them = those with Jesus
70
ὁ δὲ πάλιν ἠρνεῖτο. καὶ μετὰ μικρὸν πάλιν οἱ παρεστῶτες ἔλεγον τῷ Πέτρῳ· Ἀληθῶς ἐξ αὐτῶν εἶ, καὶ γὰρ Γαλιλαῖος εἶ ⸂καὶ ἡ λαλιά σου ὁμοιάζει⸃·
But he denied it again. And a little later those standing by were again saying to Peter, “Truly you are one of them, for you are a Galilean too, and your speech is like theirs.”
Your speech is like theirs — the accent gives him away; this book alone says so plainly.
first here Galileans Γαλιλαῖος Galilaios
pronoun he = Peter
pronoun it = the charge
pronoun you = Peter — both times
pronoun them = those with Jesus
pronoun your = Peter
pronoun theirs = the Galileans
71
ὁ δὲ ἤρξατο ἀναθεματίζειν καὶ ὀμνύναι ὅτι Οὐκ οἶδα τὸν ἄνθρωπον τοῦτον ὃν λέγετε.
But he began to curse and to swear, “I do not know this man you are talking about.”
Curse (ἀναθεματίζω, anathematizō) is to call down a curse, and the Greek does not say on whom.
pronoun he = Peter
pronoun I = Peter
pronoun this man = Jesus
pronoun you = those standing by
72
καὶ ⸀εὐθὺς ἐκ δευτέρου ἀλέκτωρ ἐφώνησεν· καὶ ἀνεμνήσθη ὁ Πέτρος τὸ ῥῆμα ⸀ὡς εἶπεν αὐτῷ ὁ Ἰησοῦς ὅτι Πρὶν ἀλέκτορα ⸂φωνῆσαι δὶς τρίς με ἀπαρνήσῃ⸃, καὶ ἐπιβαλὼν ἔκλαιεν.
And at once, for the second time, a cock crowed. And Peter remembered the word Jesus had spoken to him — “Before a cock crows twice you will deny me three times” — and breaking down, he was weeping.
Breaking down renders ἐπιβάλλω (epiballō), whose sense here is not certain — the versions read it several ways. Was weeping stands in the imperfect; Matthew 26:75 has the completed form.
pronoun him = Peter
pronoun you = Peter
pronoun me = Jesus
pronoun he = Peter
Why this rendering
Mark.14.72 Hypothesis
Syntactic observation
Before the last word stands a participle that will not resolve — ἐπιβαλὼν ἔκλαιεν. ἐπιβάλλω occurs four times in Mark: at 4:37 the waves beat into the boat, at 11:7 they throw garments onto the colt, at 14:46 they lay hands on Jesus. At the fourth, 14:72, it has no object. On one objectless participle three readings divide: throwing his mind upon it, i.e. thinking of it (개역한글, KJV, YLT, WEB, LSV); breaking down (ESV, NIV, NET, BSB); beginning to weep (NASB, Luther). All three are grammatically possible and the text settles none. The arrangement before it is the place where ἀλεκτοροφωνία, the hour named cockcrow at 13:35, comes back as an actual ἀλέκτωρ crowing. ἔκλαιεν is imperfect — he began weeping and went on. And this is the last place Peter acts in this book — his name is spoken once more at 16:7, but there he is the one a message is to reach. SBLGNT marks a variant in this verse (⸀εὐθὺς ⸀ὡς ⸂φωνῆσαι ἀπαρνήσῃ⸃,).
Rendering options · 2
Adopted “And breaking down, he was weeping.”
Basis Reads the objectless ἐπιβάλλω as the body giving way and renders the imperfect as continuing. Any choice inserts a decision, and that is recorded in the analysis.
“And when he thought thereon, he wept.”
Basis Reads it as the idiom of casting one's mind upon a thing.
Rejected A possible reading, but the preceding clause has already said ἀνεμνήσθη, he remembered — the mental act — so it would say the same thing twice. This rejection too rests on context, not grammar.
Lost in translation
the openness of the participle The Greek ends without saying what was thrown. In any language a predicate gets filled in, and the filling chooses one of the three.
this edition — none of the nine carries it (measured)