1
Πρωΐας δὲ γενομένης συμβούλιον ἔλαβον πάντες οἱ ἀρχιερεῖς καὶ οἱ πρεσβύτεροι τοῦ λαοῦ κατὰ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ ὥστε θανατῶσαι αὐτόν·
When morning came, all the chief priests and the elders of the people took counsel against Jesus, to put him to death;
Took counsel — the second council, after the night one of 26:57.
first here Jesus Ἰησοῦς Iēsous
pronoun him = Jesus
2
καὶ δήσαντες αὐτὸν ἀπήγαγον καὶ ⸀παρέδωκαν Πιλάτῳ τῷ ἡγεμόνι.
and having bound him they led him away and handed him over to Pilate the governor.
The governor — Pilate's office is named before his person.
first here Pilate Πιλᾶτος Pilatos
pronoun him = Jesus — both times
3
Τότε ἰδὼν Ἰούδας ὁ ⸀παραδιδοὺς αὐτὸν ὅτι κατεκρίθη μεταμεληθεὶς ⸀ἔστρεψεν τὰ τριάκοντα ἀργύρια τοῖς ἀρχιερεῦσιν ⸀καὶ πρεσβυτέροις
Then Judas, who had handed him over, seeing that he was condemned, regretted it and returned the thirty pieces of silver to the chief priests and elders,
Regretted it renders μεταμέλομαι (metamelomai), a change of feeling — this edition keeps it apart from the repent-word of 4:17. Judas' end stands only in this book.
first here Judas Ἰούδας Ioudas
pronoun who = Judas
pronoun him = Jesus
pronoun he = Jesus
pronoun it = the handing over
4
λέγων· Ἥμαρτον παραδοὺς αἷμα ⸀ἀθῷον. οἱ δὲ εἶπαν· Τί πρὸς ἡμᾶς; σὺ ⸀ὄψῃ.
saying, “I sinned in handing over innocent blood.” But they said, “What is that to us? You see to it.”
You see to it — the same words Pilate uses at verse 24, and this book puts them in both mouths.
pronoun I = Judas
pronoun they = the chief priests and elders
pronoun that = Judas' sin
pronoun us = the chief priests and elders
pronoun You = Judas
pronoun it = the matter
Why this rendering
Matt.27.4 Observation
Syntactic observation
ἀθῷος, innocent, occurs at two places in all four Gospels and both are in this chapter — at v.4 Judas says I sinned in handing over innocent blood, and at v.24 Pilate says I am innocent of this blood. One word in the mouth of the betrayer and of the judge. What follows echoes too: the chief priests tell Judas σὺ ὄψῃ, you see to it, and Pilate tells the crowd ὑμεῖς ὄψεσθε, you see to it. The same verb pushes the responsibility away twice. The whole paragraph (vv.3-10) is Matthew's alone — neither Mark nor Luke nor John has Judas's end. μεταμέλομαι stands three times in the four Gospels, all three in Matthew. μεταμέλομαι, to regret, comes at v.3; two of Matthew's three places for it were the two sons of 21:29, 32. The ἀπονίπτω of v.24, to wash off, is unique in the four Gospels — νίπτω with ἀπο- prefixed, sharing its root with the νίπτω of Matthew 6:17 and 15:2 and Mark 7:3, and with the word for washing feet in John 13. Luke has νίπτω not once.
Rendering options · 2
Adopted “innocent blood” and “I am innocent of this blood” — one word
Basis One word at both places, so one rendering, letting the reader see that betrayer and judge use the same word.
Vary — “innocent” at v.4, “not responsible” at v.24
Basis Different speakers and senses, so each is suited to its context.
Rejected That the word is the same is what this chapter shows; varying it erases that Matthew put one word in two mouths.
5
καὶ ῥίψας τὰ ἀργύρια ⸂εἰς τὸν ναὸν⸃ ἀνεχώρησεν, καὶ ἀπελθὼν ἀπήγξατο.
And flinging the silver into the sanctuary he withdrew, and going away he hanged himself.
Hanged himself (ἀπάγχομαι, apanchomai) is used once in the four Gospels. Acts 1:18 tells the end another way.
pronoun he = Judas
pronoun himself = Judas
6
οἱ δὲ ἀρχιερεῖς λαβόντες τὰ ἀργύρια εἶπαν· Οὐκ ἔξεστιν βαλεῖν αὐτὰ εἰς τὸν κορβανᾶν, ἐπεὶ τιμὴ αἵματός ἐστιν·
And the chief priests took the silver and said, “It is not lawful to put it into the korbanas, since it is the price of blood.”
Korbanas is the temple treasury, an Aramaic word kept as sound — related to the Korban of Mark 7:11.
pronoun it = the silver
7
συμβούλιον δὲ λαβόντες ἠγόρασαν ἐξ αὐτῶν τὸν Ἀγρὸν τοῦ Κεραμέως εἰς ταφὴν τοῖς ξένοις.
And taking counsel they bought with it the potter's field, for burying strangers.
The potter's field — bought for strangers, and named in verse 8.
pronoun they = the chief priests
pronoun it = the silver
8
διὸ ἐκλήθη ὁ ἀγρὸς ἐκεῖνος Ἀγρὸς Αἵματος ἕως τῆς σήμερον.
Therefore that field has been called the Field of Blood to this day.
To this day — the writer speaks from a time after the events.
9
τότε ἐπληρώθη τὸ ῥηθὲν διὰ Ἰερεμίου τοῦ προφήτου λέγοντος· Καὶ ἔλαβον τὰ τριάκοντα ἀργύρια, τὴν τιμὴν τοῦ τετιμημένου ὃν ἐτιμήσαντο ἀπὸ υἱῶν Ἰσραήλ,
Then what was spoken through Jeremiah the prophet was fulfilled: “And they took the thirty pieces of silver, the price of the priced one, whom they priced from among the sons of Israel,
Through Jeremiah — the words are Zechariah 11:12–13, not Jeremiah. The text is left as it stands. The price of the priced one keeps a Greek doubling.
first here Jeremiah Ἰερεμίας Ieremias
first here Israel Ἰσραήλ Israēl
pronoun they = those in the quotation — both times
pronoun whom = the priced one
Why this rendering
Matt.27.9 Observation
Syntactic observation
The text ascribes the quotation to Jeremiah. But the words quoted are hard to find in that form in Jeremiah and lie close to Zechariah 11:12-13 — thirty pieces of silver, a throwing down, a potter, all there. Matthew uses the frame τὸ ῥηθὲν διά…, spoken through…, twelve times, often naming the prophet, as here. Our task is to render Jeremiah as the base text has it and record the discrepancy here — not to correct the name or to put the source into the translation. The paragraph is full of words only Matthew uses: κορβανᾶς, the temple treasury, unique in the four Gospels and sharing a Semitic root with the Κορβᾶν, gift, of Mark 7:11; κεραμεύς, potter, twice at vv.7 and 10; ἀγρὸς αἵματος, field of blood, at v.8. And τιμή, price, comes at vv.6 and 9, where v.9 stacks the same root three times — τιμὴν τοῦ τετιμημένου ὃν ἐτιμήσαντο, the price of the priced one whom they priced.
Rendering options · 2
Adopted “through Jeremiah the prophet” — as the base text has it
Basis The name the author wrote is not corrected; the discrepancy is recorded in the analysis for the reader to see — which is what this project is for.
Drop the name, or correct it to Zechariah
Basis Keeps the reader from stumbling on a wrong ascription.
Rejected The name stands in the text; correcting it removes what is visible here — which name the author gave — and hides from the reader that the translation has altered the text.
10
καὶ ἔδωκαν αὐτὰ εἰς τὸν ἀγρὸν τοῦ κεραμέως, καθὰ συνέταξέν μοι κύριος.
and gave them for the potter's field, as the Lord directed me.”
As the Lord directed me — the quotation ends in the first person, and the writer does not explain it.
pronoun them = the thirty pieces of silver
pronoun me = the one speaking in the quotation
11
Ὁ δὲ Ἰησοῦς ⸀ἐστάθη ἔμπροσθεν τοῦ ἡγεμόνος· καὶ ἐπηρώτησεν αὐτὸν ὁ ἡγεμὼν λέγων· Σὺ εἶ ὁ βασιλεὺς τῶν Ἰουδαίων; ὁ δὲ Ἰησοῦς ⸀ἔφη· Σὺ λέγεις.
Now Jesus stood before the governor, and the governor questioned him, saying, “Are you the king of the Jews?” And Jesus said, “You say so.”
You say so — the Greek neither grants nor denies; it hands the words back.
first here Jews Ἰουδαῖος Ioudaios
pronoun him = Jesus
pronoun you = Jesus
12
καὶ ἐν τῷ κατηγορεῖσθαι αὐτὸν ὑπὸ τῶν ἀρχιερέων ⸀καὶ πρεσβυτέρων οὐδὲν ἀπεκρίνατο.
And while he was accused by the chief priests and elders he answered nothing.
He answered nothing — the silence is recorded three times in this scene.
pronoun he = Jesus — both times
13
τότε λέγει αὐτῷ ὁ Πιλᾶτος· Οὐκ ἀκούεις πόσα σου καταμαρτυροῦσιν;
Then Pilate says to him, “Do you not hear how many things they bear witness against you?”
How many things — Pilate presses him to answer.
pronoun him = Jesus
pronoun you = Jesus — both times
pronoun they = the chief priests and elders
14
καὶ οὐκ ἀπεκρίθη αὐτῷ πρὸς οὐδὲ ἓν ῥῆμα, ὥστε θαυμάζειν τὸν ἡγεμόνα λίαν.
And he did not answer him, not to a single word, so that the governor marvelled greatly.
Not to a single word — the Greek says “not to one word”.
pronoun he = Jesus
pronoun him = Pilate
15
Κατὰ δὲ ἑορτὴν εἰώθει ὁ ἡγεμὼν ἀπολύειν ἕνα τῷ ὄχλῳ δέσμιον ὃν ἤθελον.
Now at the feast the governor was accustomed to release to the crowd one prisoner whom they wanted.
Was accustomed — the writer gives it as a custom, and no other record of it survives.
pronoun they = the crowd
16
εἶχον δὲ τότε δέσμιον ἐπίσημον λεγόμενον ⸀Ἰησοῦν Βαραββᾶν.
And they had then a notorious prisoner called Jesus Barabbas.
Jesus Barabbas — the base text of this edition gives the prisoner the same first name, and many manuscripts drop it. Barabbas means “son of the father”.
first here Barabbas Βαραββᾶς Barabbas
pronoun they = the people
17
συνηγμένων οὖν αὐτῶν εἶπεν αὐτοῖς ὁ Πιλᾶτος· Τίνα θέλετε ἀπολύσω ὑμῖν, ⸂Ἰησοῦν τὸν⸃ Βαραββᾶν ἢ Ἰησοῦν τὸν λεγόμενον χριστόν;
So when they had gathered, Pilate said to them, “Whom do you want me to release to you — Jesus called Barabbas, or Jesus called Christ?”
Jesus called Barabbas, or Jesus called Christ — the choice is put between two men with one name.
first here Christ Χριστός Christos
pronoun they = the crowds
pronoun them = the crowds
pronoun you = the crowds — both times
pronoun me = Pilate
Why this rendering
Matt.27.17 Observation
Syntactic observation
The base text reads the prisoner's name as Jesus Barabbas. Verse 16 has δέσμιον ἐπίσημον λεγόμενον Ἰησοῦν Βαραββᾶν, a notorious prisoner called Jesus Barabbas, and v.17 Ἰησοῦν τὸν Βαραββᾶν ἢ Ἰησοῦν τὸν λεγόμενον χριστόν — Jesus called Barabbas, or Jesus called Christ. Pilate's question thus becomes a choice between two men of one name, and what divides them is only what follows: τὸν Βαραββᾶν against τὸν λεγόμενον χριστόν. That both carry λεγόμενον, called, is worth noting too. SBLGNT marks a variant at v.17 (⸂⸃), showing that the manuscripts divide. Mark (15:7, 11, 15), Luke (23:18) and John (18:40 twice) all give only Βαραββᾶς with no first name — the Ἰησοῦν before it stands at Matthew's five places alone. The name Barabbas itself is Semitic for son of the father, and Matthew does not translate it.
Rendering options · 2
Adopted “Jesus Barabbas” — the name rendered at both places, as the base text has it
Basis Follows the base text; and only with the name does the choice at v.17 show in the text itself.
Render as “Barabbas” only
Basis Follows the manuscripts without the name, matching Mark, Luke and John.
Rejected By our base-text decision we follow SBLGNT; and the direction runs one way — a prisoner's sharing the name Jesus being removed is easy to imagine, the name being added is not.
18
ᾔδει γὰρ ὅτι διὰ φθόνον παρέδωκαν αὐτόν.
For he knew that they had handed him over out of envy.
Out of envy — the writer names the motive that no one in the scene names.
pronoun he = Pilate
pronoun they = the chief priests and elders
pronoun him = Jesus
19
Καθημένου δὲ αὐτοῦ ἐπὶ τοῦ βήματος ἀπέστειλεν πρὸς αὐτὸν ἡ γυνὴ αὐτοῦ λέγουσα· Μηδὲν σοὶ καὶ τῷ δικαίῳ ἐκείνῳ, πολλὰ γὰρ ἔπαθον σήμερον κατ’ ὄναρ δι’ αὐτόν.
And while he was sitting on the judgement seat, his wife sent to him, saying, “Have nothing to do with that righteous man; for I have suffered much today in a dream because of him.”
Pilate's wife and her dream stand only in this book. Dream is the word of chapters 1 and 2, where dreams came to Joseph.
pronoun he = Pilate
pronoun his = Pilate
pronoun him = Pilate — the last “him” is the righteous man
pronoun that righteous man = Jesus
pronoun I = Pilate's wife
20
Οἱ δὲ ἀρχιερεῖς καὶ οἱ πρεσβύτεροι ἔπεισαν τοὺς ὄχλους ἵνα αἰτήσωνται τὸν Βαραββᾶν τὸν δὲ Ἰησοῦν ἀπολέσωσιν.
But the chief priests and the elders persuaded the crowds to ask for Barabbas and to destroy Jesus.
Persuaded the crowds — the writer says who moved the shout.
21
ἀποκριθεὶς δὲ ὁ ἡγεμὼν εἶπεν αὐτοῖς· Τίνα θέλετε ἀπὸ τῶν δύο ἀπολύσω ὑμῖν; οἱ δὲ εἶπαν· ⸀Τὸν Βαραββᾶν.
And answering, the governor said to them, “Which of the two do you want me to release to you?” And they said, “Barabbas.”
Which of the two — the question is put again with the names left off.
pronoun them = the crowds
pronoun you = the crowds — both times
pronoun me = Pilate
pronoun they = the crowds
22
λέγει αὐτοῖς ὁ Πιλᾶτος· Τί οὖν ποιήσω Ἰησοῦν τὸν λεγόμενον χριστόν; ⸀λέγουσιν πάντες· Σταυρωθήτω.
Pilate says to them, “What then shall I do with Jesus called Christ?” They all say, “Let him be crucified.”
Let him be crucified — the Greek is a passive imperative, and the crowd names no doer.
pronoun them = the crowds
pronoun I = Pilate
pronoun They = the crowds
pronoun him = Jesus
23
ὁ ⸀δὲ ἔφη· Τί γὰρ κακὸν ἐποίησεν; οἱ δὲ περισσῶς ἔκραζον λέγοντες· Σταυρωθήτω.
And he said, “Why, what evil has he done?” But they cried out all the more, “Let him be crucified.”
What evil has he done — the question is not answered.
pronoun he = Pilate — “what evil has he done” is Jesus
pronoun they = the crowds
pronoun him = Jesus
24
ἰδὼν δὲ ὁ Πιλᾶτος ὅτι οὐδὲν ὠφελεῖ ἀλλὰ μᾶλλον θόρυβος γίνεται λαβὼν ὕδωρ ἀπενίψατο τὰς χεῖρας ⸀ἀπέναντι τοῦ ὄχλου λέγων· Ἀθῷός εἰμι ἀπὸ τοῦ ⸀αἵματος τούτου· ὑμεῖς ὄψεσθε.
And Pilate, seeing that it was no use but rather that an uproar was starting, took water and washed off his hands before the crowd, saying, “I am innocent of this blood; you will see to it.”
Washed off his hands — this scene stands only in this book. You will see to it is the phrase of verse 4.
pronoun it = his effort
pronoun his = Pilate
pronoun I = Pilate
pronoun this = this blood
pronoun you = the crowd
25
καὶ ἀποκριθεὶς πᾶς ὁ λαὸς εἶπεν· Τὸ αἷμα αὐτοῦ ἐφ’ ἡμᾶς καὶ ἐπὶ τὰ τέκνα ἡμῶν.
And all the people answered and said, “His blood be on us and on our children.”
His blood be on us — only this book records the answer, and the Greek has no verb in it.
pronoun His = Jesus
pronoun us = the people
pronoun our = the people
26
τότε ἀπέλυσεν αὐτοῖς τὸν Βαραββᾶν, τὸν δὲ Ἰησοῦν φραγελλώσας παρέδωκεν ἵνα σταυρωθῇ.
Then he released Barabbas to them, and having scourged Jesus he handed him over to be crucified.
Scourged (φραγελλόω, phragelloō) is built on a Latin word the text has borrowed.
pronoun he = Pilate
pronoun them = the crowd
pronoun him = Jesus
27
Τότε οἱ στρατιῶται τοῦ ἡγεμόνος παραλαβόντες τὸν Ἰησοῦν εἰς τὸ πραιτώριον συνήγαγον ἐπ’ αὐτὸν ὅλην τὴν σπεῖραν.
Then the soldiers of the governor took Jesus into the praetorium and gathered the whole cohort to him.
Praetorium and cohort are Roman words; the first is kept as sound, so the borrowing stays visible.
pronoun him = Jesus
28
καὶ ἐκδύσαντες αὐτὸν ⸂χλαμύδα κοκκίνην περιέθηκαν αὐτῷ⸃,
And stripping him they put a scarlet cloak around him,
Scarlet (κόκκινος, kokkinos) — Mark 15:17 and John 19:2 say purple. This edition keeps the difference.
pronoun they = the soldiers
pronoun him = Jesus — both times
29
καὶ πλέξαντες στέφανον ἐξ ἀκανθῶν ἐπέθηκαν ἐπὶ ⸂τῆς κεφαλῆς⸃ αὐτοῦ καὶ κάλαμον ⸂ἐν τῇ δεξιᾷ⸃ αὐτοῦ, καὶ γονυπετήσαντες ἔμπροσθεν αὐτοῦ ⸀ἐνέπαιξαν αὐτῷ λέγοντες· Χαῖρε, ⸀βασιλεῦ τῶν Ἰουδαίων,
and plaiting a crown of thorns they put it on his head, and a reed in his right hand; and kneeling before him they mocked him, saying, “Greetings, king of the Jews!”
Greetings renders χαῖρε (chaire), the everyday greeting whose plain sense is “rejoice” — the same word Judas used at 26:49. A reed in his right hand — only this book gives the mock sceptre.
pronoun they = the soldiers — both times
pronoun it = the crown of thorns
pronoun his = Jesus
pronoun him = Jesus — both times
30
καὶ ἐμπτύσαντες εἰς αὐτὸν ἔλαβον τὸν κάλαμον καὶ ἔτυπτον εἰς τὴν κεφαλὴν αὐτοῦ.
And spitting on him they took the reed and struck him on the head.
Struck him on the head — with the reed they had given him.
pronoun him = Jesus — both times
pronoun they = the soldiers
31
καὶ ὅτε ἐνέπαιξαν αὐτῷ, ἐξέδυσαν αὐτὸν τὴν χλαμύδα καὶ ἐνέδυσαν αὐτὸν τὰ ἱμάτια αὐτοῦ καὶ ἀπήγαγον αὐτὸν εἰς τὸ σταυρῶσαι.
And when they had mocked him they stripped off the cloak and put his own garments on him, and led him away to crucify him.
His own garments — the mockery is undone before the killing.
pronoun they = the soldiers — both times
pronoun him = Jesus — every “him” here is Jesus
pronoun his = Jesus
32
Ἐξερχόμενοι δὲ εὗρον ἄνθρωπον Κυρηναῖον ὀνόματι Σίμωνα· τοῦτον ἠγγάρευσαν ἵνα ἄρῃ τὸν σταυρὸν αὐτοῦ.
And going out they found a man of Cyrene named Simon, and forced him to carry his cross.
Forced (ἀγγαρεύω, angareuō) is the Persian loan-word of 5:41, for compulsory carrying. His cross — John 19:17 says he carried it himself. The books are left as they stand.
first here Simon Σίμων Simōn
pronoun they = the soldiers
pronoun him = Simon
pronoun his = Jesus
33
Καὶ ἐλθόντες εἰς τόπον λεγόμενον Γολγοθᾶ, ὅ ἐστιν ⸂Κρανίου Τόπος λεγόμενος⸃,
And coming to a place called Golgotha — which means Place of a Skull —
Golgotha is Aramaic, kept as sound and translated in the same line — the sound is not let go.
first here Golgotha Γολγοθᾶ Golgotha
pronoun which = the name Golgotha
34
ἔδωκαν αὐτῷ πιεῖν ⸀οἶνον μετὰ χολῆς μεμιγμένον· καὶ γευσάμενος οὐκ ⸀ἠθέλησεν πιεῖν.
they gave him wine to drink mixed with gall; and having tasted it he would not drink.
Gall (χολή, cholē) — Mark 15:23 says myrrh. Having tasted it — this book has him taste and refuse; Mark says only that he did not take it.
pronoun they = the soldiers
pronoun him = Jesus
pronoun it = the wine
pronoun he = Jesus
35
σταυρώσαντες δὲ αὐτὸν διεμερίσαντο τὰ ἱμάτια αὐτοῦ βάλλοντες κλῆρον,
And having crucified him they divided his garments, casting lots;
Casting lots takes up Psalm 22:18, the psalm quoted again at verse 46.
pronoun him = Jesus
pronoun they = the soldiers
pronoun his = Jesus
36
καὶ καθήμενοι ἐτήρουν αὐτὸν ἐκεῖ.
and sitting down they kept watch over him there.
They kept watch over him — only this book has the soldiers sit and watch.
pronoun they = the soldiers
pronoun him = Jesus
37
καὶ ἐπέθηκαν ἐπάνω τῆς κεφαλῆς αὐτοῦ τὴν αἰτίαν αὐτοῦ γεγραμμένην· Οὗτός ἐστιν Ἰησοῦς ὁ βασιλεὺς τῶν Ἰουδαίων.
And above his head they put the charge against him, written: “This is Jesus, the king of the Jews.”
The charge renders αἰτία (aitia), the legal ground. This is Jesus — only this book adds the name.
pronoun his = Jesus
pronoun him = Jesus
pronoun This = Jesus
38
Τότε σταυροῦνται σὺν αὐτῷ δύο λῃσταί, εἷς ἐκ δεξιῶν καὶ εἷς ἐξ εὐωνύμων.
Then two robbers were crucified with him, one at the right and one at the left.
Robbers (λῃσταί, lēstai) — the word of 26:55, and not a word for rebels.
pronoun him = Jesus
39
οἱ δὲ παραπορευόμενοι ἐβλασφήμουν αὐτὸν κινοῦντες τὰς κεφαλὰς αὐτῶν
And those passing by blasphemed him, shaking their heads
Shaking their heads takes up Psalm 22:7.
pronoun him = Jesus
pronoun their = those passing by
40
καὶ λέγοντες· Ὁ καταλύων τὸν ναὸν καὶ ἐν τρισὶν ἡμέραις οἰκοδομῶν, σῶσον σεαυτόν· εἰ υἱὸς εἶ τοῦ θεοῦ, ⸀κατάβηθι ἀπὸ τοῦ σταυροῦ.
and saying, “You who destroy the sanctuary and build it in three days, save yourself; if you are the Son of God, come down from the cross.”
If you are the Son of God — the words the slanderer used at 4:3 and 4:6, now in the mouths of passers-by.
pronoun You = Jesus
pronoun it = the sanctuary
pronoun yourself = Jesus
pronoun you = Jesus
41
ὁμοίως ⸀καὶ οἱ ἀρχιερεῖς ἐμπαίζοντες μετὰ τῶν γραμματέων καὶ ⸀πρεσβυτέρων ἔλεγον·
So also the chief priests, with the scribes and elders, mocking him said,
Mocking him — the same verb as the soldiers' at verse 29.
pronoun him = Jesus
42
Ἄλλους ἔσωσεν, ἑαυτὸν οὐ δύναται σῶσαι· ⸀βασιλεὺς Ἰσραήλ ἐστιν, καταβάτω νῦν ἀπὸ τοῦ σταυροῦ καὶ πιστεύσομεν ἐπ’ ⸀αὐτόν.
“He saved others; himself he cannot save. He is the king of Israel — let him come down now from the cross, and we will believe in him.
He saved others — the mockers say more than they know.
pronoun He = Jesus — both times
pronoun himself = Jesus
pronoun him = Jesus — both times
pronoun we = the chief priests, scribes and elders
43
πέποιθεν ἐπὶ τὸν θεόν, ῥυσάσθω ⸀νῦν εἰ θέλει αὐτόν· εἶπεν γὰρ ὅτι Θεοῦ εἰμι υἱός.
He trusted in God; let him rescue him now if he wants him, for he said, ‘I am God's Son.'”
He trusted in God takes up Psalm 22:8 — only this book has this taunt.
pronoun He = Jesus
pronoun him = Jesus — both times
pronoun he = God — “for he said” is Jesus
pronoun I = Jesus, in their report
44
τὸ δ’ αὐτὸ καὶ οἱ λῃσταὶ οἱ συσταυρωθέντες ⸀σὺν αὐτῷ ὠνείδιζον αὐτόν.
And the robbers crucified with him reviled him in the same way.
The robbers … reviled him — this book has both revile; Luke 23:40 has one defend him.
pronoun him = Jesus — both times
45
Ἀπὸ δὲ ἕκτης ὥρας σκότος ἐγένετο ἐπὶ πᾶσαν τὴν γῆν ἕως ὥρας ἐνάτης.
Now from the sixth hour there was dark over all the land until the ninth hour.
The sixth hour is about noon; the darkness lasts three hours.
46
περὶ δὲ τὴν ἐνάτην ὥραν ⸀ἀνεβόησεν ὁ Ἰησοῦς φωνῇ μεγάλῃ λέγων· ⸂Ἠλὶ ἠλὶ⸃ λεμὰ σαβαχθάνι; τοῦτ’ ἔστιν· Θεέ μου θεέ μου, ἱνατί με ἐγκατέλιπες;
And about the ninth hour Jesus cried out with a loud voice, saying, “Eli, eli, lema sabachthani?” — that is, “My God, my God, why have you forsaken me?”
Eli, eli, lema sabachthani — this book has the first word in a Hebrew form; Mark 15:34 has an Aramaic one. The words are Psalm 22:1, kept as sound and translated in the same line.
pronoun that = the cry Eli, eli, lema sabachthani
pronoun My = the one speaking in the quotation — both times
pronoun you = God
pronoun me = the one speaking in the quotation
Why this rendering
Matt.27.46 Observation
Syntactic observation
The two books write the cry from the cross in different Semitic forms — Matthew Ἠλὶ ἠλί, Mark 15:34 Ἐλωΐ ἐλωΐ. What follows, λεμὰ σαβαχθάνι, is the same. The way each glosses it differs too: Mark has ὅ ἐστιν μεθερμηνευόμενον, which translated is, and Matthew τοῦτ’ ἔστιν, that is. The gloss itself differs: Mark ὁ θεός μου, a nominative used as address in Semitic fashion, and Matthew θεέ μου, a Greek vocative; Mark εἰς τί, to what end, and Matthew ἱνατί, why. Matthew's is the more finished Greek. Even the verb of crying differs — Mark ἐβόησεν, Matthew ἀνεβόησεν. SBLGNT marks two variants here (⸀ the verb, ⸂⸃ the Semitic words), this being a famously unstable place in the manuscripts. Both authors keep the Semitic and attach a gloss — as Mark does with his other Semitic words. Luke and John have no such cry at all: Luke 23:46 has πάτερ, εἰς χεῖράς σου παρατίθεμαι τὸ πνεῦμά μου, Father, into your hands I entrust my spirit, and John 19:30 τετέλεσται, it is finished. So the last words divide three ways across four books, and only Matthew and Mark keep the Semitic. Matthew's opening ἀναβοάω is unique in the four Gospels, while Mark's βοάω stands at eight places across the four books.
Rendering options · 2
Adopted “Eli, eli, lema sabachthani” — kept distinct from Mark's “Eloi”
Basis The authors wrote different forms, so the transliterations divide; the gloss the author supplied is rendered in the flow of the text, not in brackets (fixed at John 1:38).
Match the two books to one form
Basis One cry, so the reading is evened out.
Rejected The difference in the Semitic spelling is the datum; matching erases that the two authors heard or wrote it differently.
47
τινὲς δὲ τῶν ἐκεῖ ⸀ἑστηκότων ἀκούσαντες ἔλεγον ὅτι Ἠλίαν φωνεῖ οὗτος.
And some of those standing there, hearing it, said, “This man is calling Elijah.”
This man is calling Elijah — the mishearing turns on the sound, which is why the sound was kept.
first here Elijah Ἠλίας Ēlias
pronoun it = the cry
pronoun This man = Jesus
48
καὶ εὐθέως δραμὼν εἷς ἐξ αὐτῶν καὶ λαβὼν σπόγγον πλήσας τε ὄξους καὶ περιθεὶς καλάμῳ ἐπότιζεν αὐτόν.
And at once one of them ran and took a sponge, filled it with sour wine, put it on a reed and gave him to drink.
Sour wine (ὄξος, oxos) is the thin wine soldiers drank.
pronoun them = those standing there
pronoun it = the sponge
pronoun him = Jesus
49
οἱ δὲ λοιποὶ ⸀ἔλεγον· Ἄφες ἴδωμεν εἰ ἔρχεται Ἠλίας σώσων ⸀αὐτόν.
But the rest said, “Leave him; let us see whether Elijah comes to save him.”
Leave him renders ἄφες (aphes) — the same verb this edition renders “forgive” elsewhere.
pronoun him = Jesus — both times
pronoun us = the rest
50
ὁ δὲ Ἰησοῦς πάλιν κράξας φωνῇ μεγάλῃ ἀφῆκεν τὸ πνεῦμα.
But Jesus, crying out again with a loud voice, gave up his spirit.
Gave up his spirit renders ἀφίημι (aphiēmi) with “spirit” — Mark 15:37 uses a different verb, and this edition keeps them apart.
pronoun his = Jesus
51
καὶ ἰδοὺ τὸ καταπέτασμα τοῦ ναοῦ ἐσχίσθη ⸂ἀπ’ ἄνωθεν ἕως κάτω εἰς δύο⸃, καὶ ἡ γῆ ἐσείσθη, καὶ αἱ πέτραι ἐσχίσθησαν,
And behold, the curtain of the sanctuary was torn in two, from top to bottom; and the earth quaked and the rocks were split;
Torn in two — the same verb as the torn heavens at Mark 1:10. The earthquake and the split rocks stand only in this book.
52
καὶ τὰ μνημεῖα ἀνεῴχθησαν καὶ πολλὰ σώματα τῶν κεκοιμημένων ἁγίων ⸀ἠγέρθησαν,
and the tombs were opened, and many bodies of the saints who had fallen asleep were raised;
Fallen asleep — the word used of death at John 11:11. This scene stands only in this book.
53
καὶ ἐξελθόντες ἐκ τῶν μνημείων μετὰ τὴν ἔγερσιν αὐτοῦ εἰσῆλθον εἰς τὴν ἁγίαν πόλιν καὶ ἐνεφανίσθησαν πολλοῖς.
and coming out of the tombs after his rising they entered the holy city and appeared to many.
After his rising — the Greek puts their coming out after his, which is hard, and the text is left as it stands.
pronoun his = Jesus
pronoun they = the raised bodies
54
Ὁ δὲ ἑκατόνταρχος καὶ οἱ μετ’ αὐτοῦ τηροῦντες τὸν Ἰησοῦν ἰδόντες τὸν σεισμὸν καὶ τὰ ⸀γενόμενα ἐφοβήθησαν σφόδρα λέγοντες· Ἀληθῶς ⸂θεοῦ υἱὸς⸃ ἦν οὗτος.
And the commander of a hundred and those with him keeping watch over Jesus, seeing the earthquake and the things that happened, were greatly afraid and said, “Truly this was God's Son.”
Commander of a hundred renders ἑκατόνταρχος (hekatontarchos), the Greek word; Mark 15:39 uses the Latin one, and this edition keeps them apart. God's Son has no article in Greek, and may be read “a son of God”.
pronoun him = the commander
pronoun this = Jesus
55
Ἦσαν δὲ ἐκεῖ γυναῖκες πολλαὶ ἀπὸ μακρόθεν θεωροῦσαι, αἵτινες ἠκολούθησαν τῷ Ἰησοῦ ἀπὸ τῆς Γαλιλαίας διακονοῦσαι αὐτῷ·
And many women were there, looking on from a distance, who had followed Jesus from Galilee, serving him;
Serving him is the table-verb of 20:28.
first here Galileans Γαλιλαία Galilaia
pronoun who = the women
pronoun him = Jesus
56
ἐν αἷς ἦν Μαρία ἡ Μαγδαληνὴ καὶ Μαρία ἡ τοῦ Ἰακώβου καὶ ⸀Ἰωσὴφ μήτηρ καὶ ἡ μήτηρ τῶν υἱῶν Ζεβεδαίου.
among them Mary Magdalene, and Mary the mother of James and Joseph, and the mother of the sons of Zebedee.
The mother of the sons of Zebedee — this book names her by her sons, as at 20:20.
first here Mary Μαρία Maria
first here Magdalene Μαγδαληνή Magdalēnē
first here James Ἰάκωβος Iakōbos
first here Joseph Ἰωσήφ Iōsēph
first here Zebedee Ζεβεδαῖος Zebedaios
pronoun them = the women
57
Ὀψίας δὲ γενομένης ἦλθεν ἄνθρωπος πλούσιος ἀπὸ Ἁριμαθαίας, τοὔνομα Ἰωσήφ, ὃς καὶ αὐτὸς ⸀ἐμαθητεύθη τῷ Ἰησοῦ·
And when evening came, a rich man from Arimathea named Joseph came, who also himself was a disciple of Jesus.
A rich man — only this book calls Joseph rich; Mark 15:43 calls him a member of the council.
first here Arimathea Ἁριμαθαία Harimathaia
pronoun who = Joseph
pronoun himself = Joseph
58
οὗτος προσελθὼν τῷ Πιλάτῳ ᾐτήσατο τὸ σῶμα τοῦ Ἰησοῦ. τότε ὁ Πιλᾶτος ἐκέλευσεν ⸀ἀποδοθῆναι.
This man went to Pilate and asked for the body of Jesus. Then Pilate commanded it to be given over.
Commanded it to be given over — this book does not have Pilate check with the centurion, as Mark 15:44 does.
pronoun This man = Joseph
pronoun it = the body
59
καὶ λαβὼν τὸ σῶμα ὁ Ἰωσὴφ ἐνετύλιξεν ⸀αὐτὸ σινδόνι καθαρᾷ,
And taking the body, Joseph wrapped it in a clean linen cloth
Clean linen cloth — only this book calls it clean. The word (σινδών, sindōn) is one sheet; John 19:40 has a plural word instead.
pronoun it = the body
60
καὶ ἔθηκεν αὐτὸ ἐν τῷ καινῷ αὐτοῦ μνημείῳ ὃ ἐλατόμησεν ἐν τῇ πέτρᾳ, καὶ προσκυλίσας λίθον μέγαν τῇ θύρᾳ τοῦ μνημείου ἀπῆλθεν.
and laid it in his own new tomb, which he had cut in the rock; and rolling a great stone to the door of the tomb, he went away.
His own new tomb — only this book says the tomb was Joseph's own.
pronoun it = the body
pronoun his own = Joseph
pronoun which = the tomb
pronoun he = Joseph — both times
61
ἦν δὲ ἐκεῖ ⸀Μαριὰμ ἡ Μαγδαληνὴ καὶ ἡ ἄλλη Μαρία καθήμεναι ἀπέναντι τοῦ τάφου.
And Mary Magdalene was there, and the other Mary, sitting opposite the grave.
Sitting opposite the grave — the women see the place, as at Mark 15:47.
first here Mariam Μαριάμ Mariam
62
Τῇ δὲ ἐπαύριον, ἥτις ἐστὶν μετὰ τὴν παρασκευήν, συνήχθησαν οἱ ἀρχιερεῖς καὶ οἱ Φαρισαῖοι πρὸς Πιλᾶτον
On the next day, which is after the Preparation, the chief priests and the Pharisees gathered before Pilate,
After the Preparation — the writer names the day without naming the sabbath.
first here Pharisee Φαρισαῖος Pharisaios
pronoun which = the next day
63
λέγοντες· Κύριε, ἐμνήσθημεν ὅτι ἐκεῖνος ὁ πλάνος εἶπεν ἔτι ζῶν· Μετὰ τρεῖς ἡμέρας ἐγείρομαι·
saying, “Lord, we remember that that deceiver said, while still alive, ‘After three days I rise.'
That deceiver (πλάνος, planos) is built on the wander-verb of 24:4.
pronoun we = the chief priests and Pharisees
pronoun I = Jesus, in their report
64
κέλευσον οὖν ἀσφαλισθῆναι τὸν τάφον ἕως τῆς τρίτης ἡμέρας, μήποτε ἐλθόντες οἱ μαθηταὶ ⸀αὐτοῦ κλέψωσιν αὐτὸν καὶ εἴπωσιν τῷ λαῷ· Ἠγέρθη ἀπὸ τῶν νεκρῶν, καὶ ἔσται ἡ ἐσχάτη πλάνη χείρων τῆς πρώτης.
So command that the grave be secured until the third day, lest his disciples come and steal him and say to the people, ‘He was raised from the dead'; and the last deception will be worse than the first.”
The guard at the tomb stands only in this book. The last deception will be worse than the first — the wander-word again.
pronoun his = Jesus
pronoun him = Jesus
pronoun He = Jesus
65
⸀ἔφη αὐτοῖς ὁ Πιλᾶτος· Ἔχετε κουστωδίαν· ὑπάγετε ἀσφαλίσασθε ὡς οἴδατε.
Pilate said to them, “You have a custodia; go, secure it as you know how.”
Custodia is a Latin word for a guard, kept as sound — used in the four Gospels only in this book. You have a custodia may also be read as a command, “take a guard”.
pronoun them = the chief priests and Pharisees
pronoun You = the same
pronoun it = the tomb
pronoun you = the same
Why this rendering
Matt.27.65 Observation
Syntactic observation
κουστωδία is Latin custodia in Greek letters and stands at three places in the four Gospels, all three in Matthew — 27:65, 66, and 28:11. It is in neither Mark nor John, and the guarding of the tomb (vv.62-66) is Matthew's alone. At v.54 Matthew writes ἑκατόνταρχος, completing his three places (8:5, 8, 27:54). Three books name the man before the cross with three words: Matthew ἑκατόνταρχος, Mark κεντυρίων (Latin centurio; 15:39, 44, 45), Luke 23:47 ἑκατοντάρχης. The first and third are Greek and only the middle is Latin — Mark alone chose it. And Matthew divides even within himself: 8:5 and 8:8 have ἑκατόνταρχος while 8:13, in the same story, has ἑκατοντάρχης. Luke's three places (7:2, 6, 23:47) are all ἑκατοντάρχης. And yet in this same chapter Matthew uses the Latin κουστωδία — so it is not that Matthew avoids Latin, but that for the officer he chose the Greek. The πλάνος of v.63, deceiver, is unique in the four Gospels and shares its root with the πλάνη, deception, of v.64, so the two interlock within one exchange.
Rendering options · 2
Adopted “custodia” transliterated; “centurion” at v.54
Basis Latin terms have been transliterated (centurion, legion, praetorium, kensos, modios); ἑκατόνταρχος and ἑκατοντάρχης are both Greek and are rendered by sense, kept apart from Mark's κεντυρίων — as fixed at Matthew 8:5. Between the two Greek forms no division is made: the stem is the same and the sense does not differ, as Matthew 8 itself shows by mixing them within one story. That mixing is recorded in the analysis.
Render as “a guard”
Basis The reader sees at once what is meant.
Rejected Breaking the transliteration rule here alone would hide the contrast — that in this very chapter Matthew uses a Latin word while choosing Greek for the officer.
Lost in translation
ἑκατόνταρχος against κεντυρίων To divide the two, English uses a commander of a hundred and centurion (as fixed at Matthew 8:5 and Mark 15:39). The division is made, but at a cost: one word becomes three, and the weight of the sentence changes. In Greek it was simply one word against another. And the ἑκατοντάρχης of Matthew 8:13 goes unmarked in every locale.
Survives in · this edition — 2 of the nine carry it (this language among them)
66
οἱ δὲ πορευθέντες ἠσφαλίσαντο τὸν τάφον σφραγίσαντες τὸν λίθον μετὰ τῆς κουστωδίας.
And they went and secured the grave, sealing the stone, together with the custodia.
Sealing the stone — the seal and the guard are both named, and both fail at 28:2.
pronoun they = the chief priests and Pharisees